Monozygotic twins with shared yolk sacs and shared circulation were described by Runner (1984). A plethora of diseases of mice and congenital anomalies have been reported, but there are too many studies to be covered in this context. The reader is referred to two comprehensive reviews (Benirschke et al., 1978; Knobil & Neill, 1998).
16) Physiological data
I have no data or references pertaining to the magnitude of the maternal blood flow, blood volume, or blood pressure of mice.
17) Other resources
Cell lines are available from the Bar Harbor Laboratories and many other agencies. The mouse has been an extraordinary model to study certain genes by the creation of "knockout" mice. There are so many models now available that the topic has become difficult to oversee. For that reason, a "Mouse Knockout & Mutation Database" (MKMD) has been developed in 1995 that now lists over 7000 entries. A sample can be viewed at http://research.bmn.com/mkmd. Ward et al. (2000) published a book on the pathology of genetically engineered mice that may be helpful.
18) Other relevant features
Embryo transfer of mice has been possible since 1935 and is reviewed by Kraemer (1983). This publication also provides references and technical details that may be helpful to the experimenter. Intraspecific chimerae have been produced several times, but the rat x mouse aggregation of blastomeres, while leading to normal appearing blastocysts, did not yield grown chimeric embryos (Stern, 1973). Surani & Barton (1983) produced gynecogenetic embryos, but they failed to go beyond the 25-somite stage. This is presumably due to homozygosity for lethal genes, similar to the androgenetic hydatidiform moles in humans which are lethal to the embryo.
19) Future research needs
There is much information to be gained from the study of mouse placentation. This is especially true for our understanding of the genetic regulation of placentation and trophoblast regulation. The publication by Georgiades et al. (2002) should be consulted for references and directions. In view of the numerous mouse mutations produced, it will be interesting to learn more about the possibly accompanying placental lesions.
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