11) Various features
No other remarkable endometrial features have been recorded.
12) Endocrinology
Soma and Kada (1989) stained their placentas with anti-hCG antibodies and failed to demonstrate the presence of gonadotropins in that manner. Ziegler et al. (1990), on the other hand, identified urinary chorionic gonadotropins 18 days after presumed ovulation, with elevated titers remaining to day 45 days. The polyestrous animals have a cycle of 22-24 days, estrus lasting 7 days. Other endocrine studies come from Carroll et al. (1990) and Ziegler et al. (1990).
13) Genetics
Goeldi's monkeys have typically 48 chromosomes (Bender & Mettler, 1960; Chiarelli, 1980). Initially, a XX/XO sex determining mechanism was suspected (Hsu & Hampton, 1970). Subsequently the mystery was solved when a chromosomal error was described in a male animal. It had a fusion of the Y-chromosome to autosome # 23 (Dutrillaux et al., 1988). The animal appeared to be normal. The publication gives details of chromosomal banding patterns. A study of repetitive DNA provided additional support for the current phylogenetic position of this species (Montagnon, et al., 1993). Similar conclusions were also derived from the study of genes determining the v. Willebrand factor (Chaves, et al., 1999). No hybrids have been described.
14) Immunology
No studies are known to me.
15) Pathological features
Infarcts were present in two of the three placentas of stillborn fetuses. Callithrichids, including Goeldi's monkey, are extremely susceptible to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Asper et al., 2001). It is transmitted by wild mice and can be fatal with hepatitis. Pseudotuberculosis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis appears to be endemic at Jersey with death resulting in some animals (Bielli et al., 1999).
16) Physiologic data
I know of no data relevant to this section.
17) Other resources
Few cell lines are available from CRES through Dr. Oliver Ryder at: oryder@ucsd.edu
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
It would be helpful to have an implanted placenta described and one of live births. Moreover, the data on umbilical cord and endocrinology are woefully inadequate.
Acknowledgement
The animal photograph of this chapter comes from the Zoological Society of San Diego.
References
Asper, M., Hofmann, P., Osmann, C., Funk, J., Metzger, C., Bruns, M., Kaup, F.J., Schmitz, H. and Gunther, S.: First outbreak of callithrichid hepatitis in Germany: genetic characterization of the causative lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strain. Virology 284:203-213, 2001.
Bender, M.A. and Mettler, L.E.: Chromosome studies of primates. II Callithrix, Leontocebus and Callimico. Cytologia 25:400-404, 1960.
Bielli, M., Lauzi, S., Pratelli, A., Martini, M., Dall'Ara, P. and Bonizzi, L.: Pseudotuberculosis in marmosets, tamarins, and Goeldi's monkeys (Callithrichidae/Callicominidae) housed at a European zoo. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 30:532-536, 1999.
Carroll, J.B., Abbott, D.H., George, L.M., Hindle, J.E. and Martin, R.D.: Urinary endocrine monitoring of the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). J. Reprod. Fertil. 89:149-161, 1990.
Chaves, R., Sampaio, I., Schneider, M.P., Schneider, H., Page, S.L. and Goodman, M.: The place of Callimico goeldii in the Callitrichine phylogenetic tree: evidence from von Willebrand factor intron II sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 13:392-404, 1999.
Chiarelli, A.B.: The karyology of South American primates and their relationship to African and Asian species. Chapter 19, pp. 387-398 in, Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift. R. Ciochon and A.B. Chiarelli, eds. Plenum Press, NY 1980.
Dutrillaux, B., Lombardi, M., Carroll, J.B. and Martin, R.D.: Chromosomal affinities of Callimico goeldii (Platyrrhini) and characterization of a Y-autosome translocation in a male. Folia primatol. 50:230-236, 1988.
Heltne, P.G., Wojcik, J.F. and Pook, A.G.: Goeldi's monkey, Genus Callimico. Chapter 4, pp. 169-210, in Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 1. A.F. Coimbra-Filho and R.A. Mittermeier, eds. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, 1981.
Hsu, T.C. and Hampton, S.H.: Chromosomes of Callithricidae with special reference e to an XX-'XO' sex chromosome system in Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii Thomas 1904). Folia primatol. 13:183-195, 1970.
Martin, R.D.: Goeldi and the dwarfs: the evolutionary biology of the small New World monkeys. J. Human Evol. 22:367-369, 1992.
Montagnon, D., Crovella, S. and Rumpler, Y.: Confirmation of the taxonomic position of Callimico goeldi (Paris). (Primates, Platyrrhini) on the basis of its highly repeated DNA patterns. Compte rendu Acad. Sci. III 316:219-223, 1993 Nowak, R.M.: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th ed. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1999.
Soma, H. and Kada, H.: Placentation of the Goeldi's monkey, Callimico. 31. International Symp. Erkrankungen der Zoo- und Wildtiere, Dortmund. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 93-98, 1989.
Ziegler, T.E., Snowdown, C.T., Warneke, M. and Bridson, W.E.: Urinary excretion of oestrone conjugates and gonadotrophins during pregnancy in the Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). J. Reprod. Fertil. 89:163-168, 1990.
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