2) General Gestational Data
The length of gestation is 225 days and usually singletons are born that weigh around 140 g.
3) Implantation
The time of implantation has not been studied in woolly monkeys and early specimens have not been described. Other cebids have antimesometrial implantation in their uterus simplex. The placenta available to me was fragmented, bidiscoid and not well enough preserved for histologic representation. It was similar in all respects to that of the spider monkey (see chapter on Ateles).
4) General Characterization of the Placenta
Young (1972) is the only author I have found to have reported specifically on woolly monkey placentas. He found in two singleton births one placenta to possess two discs, and one that had a single disc. This is a relatively superficially implanted discoid (bidiscoid) hemochorial placenta.
5) Details of fetal/maternal barrier
The villi are bathed in maternal blood. The villous surface is syncytium, the cytotrophoblast is quite inapparent in routine sections but is probably present electronmicroscopically. This is similar to the placenta of spider monkeys (Ateles sp.) The maternal blood circulates in the intervillous space (IVS) and surrounds the villi with their syncytial surfaces. Syncytial "buds" are commonly found on the villous surfaces and one would expect that, as in humans, they would often detach and land in the maternal lung, as happens in humans.
6) Umbilical cord
Young (1972) found two arteries and two veins in his two placentas wit a Hyrtl anastomosis of arteries. There also were allantoic ducts, as in Ateles, and remnants of a vitelline duct in one. One cord had marginal, the other velamentous insertion.
7) Uteroplacental circulation
This has not been studied.
8) Extraplacental membranes
Young (1972) described the allantoic sac as a "simple elongated oval sac lying beside the yolk sac and extending out on the surface of the disc between the amnion and the chorionic plate". The same feature occurs in spider monkey placentation. amnion/allantois, vitelline
9) Trophoblast external to barrier
Despite alleged generally superficial placentation of Cebidae, extravillous trophoblast ("X-cells") is found in the decidua basalis and having modified the maternal uterine arterioles, very much as occurs in Ateles sp. This is well shown in the following photograph of a post partum uterus.
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17) Other resources
A few cell strains are available from CRES at San Diego Zoo by contacting Dr. O. Ryder at oryder@ucsd.edu.
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
Many more placental observations are needed, as are measurements of cord length.
Acknowledgement
The animal photographs in this chapter come from the Zoological Society of San Diego. Some material has been made available by Dr. Heldstab, then at Zoo Basel.
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