14) Immunology
It is likely that such studies have been performed in Primate Research Centers, but I have not been able to access fundamental information.
15) Pathological features
The most important pathologic feature of squirrel monkeys undoubtedly is that all animals are infected with the Herpesvirus saimiri. This virus is not pathogenic for squirrel monkeys but, as was early recognized (Hunt et al., 1970), it causes usually fatal T-cell lymphoma in other primates, especially marmosets. Therefore, these animals should not be housed together. A detailed review of the genome and all other aspects of this virus are available from Fickenscher & Fleckenstein (2001). More recently, this virus is being considered as a potential agent for gene delivery into cells (Whitehouse, 2003).
Scott (1992) referred to a gastric carcinoma in a squirrel monkey; also a breast cancer was found in a male. Borda et al. (2000) described that 35% of Bolivian squirrel monkeys suffer a proliferative glomerulonephritis with deposits of immunoglobulins. Several squirrel monkeys were found to suffer an infectious gastritis, but Helicobacter pylori was not found (Khanolkar-Gaitonde et al., 2000).
Many animals are infected with a variety of trypanosome, including T. cruzi, and Ndao et al. (2000) caution handlers of New World monkeys to be cognizant of these parasites, as they can easily be infected by handling them or their products. Horizontal transmission of the lethal infection with Toxoplasma gondii was clearly demonstrated by Furuta et al. (2001). Squirrel monkeys have often been used for the study of malaria and with hopes of vaccine production. While infection may be achieved with some plasmodial species, they generally do not produce infectious gametocytes. More recently, Sullivan et al. (2003) showed that infection with Plasmodium inui shortti can infect the animals and produce gametocytes as well.
16) Physiologic data
Numerous physiological data are available. Thus, the diet of free-ranging monkeys was studied by Lima & Ferrari (2003); allelic frequency for x-linked color vision was studied in two species by Cropp et al. (2002); ABO blood groups were described by Corvelo et al. (2002). Squirrel monkeys exhibited group A (# 67) and AB (# 7). Cortisol secretion was determined by sampling saliva in chewed string of unrestrained squirrel monkeys by Tiefenbacher et al. (2003). They found the expected rise after SCTH and also determined normal daily rhythms. Numerous parameters of physiological importance (size, life span, hematology, seminal volume etc.) have been summarized and compared with other taxa in a table by Mather & Rushmer (1979).
17) Other resources
Cell lines were established by Scammell et al. (2001) and, later (2002) the same authors made a renal cell line because of the paucity of such material available for research. But the line was hyperdiploid (2n=52-57).
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
Descriptions of early implantation are virtually absent.
Acknowledgement
The animal photographs in this chapter come from the Zoological Society of San Diego.
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