Spontaneous abortions occur but are perhaps not so common as seen in human gestations. This is particularly so in breeding colonies of Primate Research Centers. Wilson (1972) reviewed this topic extensively. Around 10-15% of gestations that occurred in Primate Research Centers abort spontaneously or end in premature delivery. Many more do so when the females were freshly imported. Similarly, Hertig et al. (1971) reported that nearly one half of newly imported pregnant animals had either abortions or premature deliveries. Most were due to common infections and/or measles infection. In contrast to human studies of abortions, a majority of which are due to trisomies or other chromosomal errors, such investigations have apparently not been done in rhesus monkey colonies.
Placenta previa, abruptio placentae, infarcts and stillbirths with fetus papyraceus all have been recorded in rhesus monkeys (Myers, 1972). Indeed, Myers asserted that most of the anomalies or pathologic conditions seen in human placentas may be observed in rhesus monkeys. Endometriosis, adenomyosis and endometrial anomalies are some other pathologic features studied in rhesus monkeys.
Structural abnormalities of neonatal primates have been studied by Wilson (1972). A variety of congenital anomalies have been identified, but apparently fewer than found in humans. Importantly, the same author clearly identified the cause of phocomelia following a single dose of thalidomide. Several of those animals are depicted in his report.
Several extrauterine choriocarcinomas have been reported, even in juvenile catarrhine monkeys. They may have arisen from germ cells or stem cells; alternatively they are associated with a teratoma. Their apparent relative frequency is nevertheless surprising and they can be quite destructive. The last-cited authors have used very modern tools for their exploration. (Farman et al. 2005; Giusti, et al. 2005; Marbaix et al., 2008; Moore et al., 2003; Toyosawa et al. 2000; Yamamoto et al. 2007).
16) Physiologic data
Physiologic data on blood pressure and pulse rate of fetus and mother in pregnant rhesus monkeys under anesthesia were reported by Misenhimer & Ramsey (1970. In addition to that report, a wealth of information has been accumulated in fetal and placental physiology of rhesus gestations. Access to this literature can be achieved through the comprehensive book of Ramsey and Donner (1980). Some information on the vasculature is summarized above.
17) Other resources
The Regional Primate Research Centers of the USA, several foreign research centers, and industrial companies have large holdings of rhesus monkeys. Most are now bred in captivity, very few are being imported. And the zoological parks of the world, of course, house large numbers of these animals and more commonly some of the related species. There is much expertise in breeding and pathology in these agencies.
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
One of the more interesting future studies should be on the regulation of the "X-cells", the extravillous trophoblast. Not only does it achieve the implantation but also, it modifies the blood vessels of the endometrium and produces a specific protein whose function is unknown so far. The means by which MHC is modulated so as to prevent rejection, the exploration of syncytin and syncytium formation will be of interest. Observations on intrauterine mobility and its effect on spiraling (not described in rhesus) of the cord should be made. Do MZ twins occur and how is their placenta structured.
Acknowledgement
Most of the animal photographs in these chapters come from the Zoological Society of San Diego. I appreciate also very much the help of the pathologists at the San Diego Zoo.
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