16) Physiological data
No relevant data are reported
17) Other resources
A number of fibroblast cell lines are available through CRES, the research arm of the Zoological Society of San Diego (see: http://www.sandiegozoo.org/conservation/cres_home.html. Please direct your inquiries to Dr. Oliver Ryder (oryder@ucsd.edu).
18) Additional needs for study
We know too little about the frequency of demise of one of the twins. In human gestation, this can be due to the so-called twin-to-twin-transfusion syndrome, or it may be due to the conversion into acardiac fetus because of the presence of vascular anastomoses. How often does this happen in marmosets and tamarins? Also, the real physiologic reason why the female twin, who is chimeric with the male co-twin, is spared the freemartin syndrome of artiodactyls (cattle especially) is not understood.
References
There is a very extensive bibliography on golden lion tamarins. An especially important reference is:
Kleiman, D.: Social and sexual behaviour of Leontopithecus rosalia during the reproductive cycle. In, Kleiman, D., The Biology and Conservation of the Callithricidae . Smithsonian Press, Washington, 1976.
Barnhart, D.D. and Gengozian, N.: An evaluation of the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction in marmosets. Transplantation 20:107-115, 1975.
Bedard, M.T., Ma, S.F. and Jones, T.C.: Chromosomal banding patterns and nucleolar organizing regions in three species of Callithricidae (Saguinus oedipus, Saguinus fuscicollis, and Callithrix jacchus). J. Med. primatol. 7:82-97, 1978.
Bender, M.A. and Mettler, L.E.: Chromosome studies of primates. II. Callithrix, Leontocebus and Callimico. Cytologia (Tokyo) 25:400-404, 1960.
Benirschke, K., Anderson, J.M. and Brownhill, L.E.: Marrow chimerism in marmosets. Science 138:513-515, 1962.
Benirschke, K. and Brownhill, L.E.: Further observations on marrow chimerism in marmosets. Cytogenetics 2:331-341, 1963.
Benirschke, K. and Layton, W.: An early twin blastocyst of the golden lion marmoset, Leontocebus rosalia L. Fol. Primatol. 10:131-138, 1969.
Cadavid, L.F., Shufflebotham, C., Ruiz, F.J., Yeager, M., Hughes, A.L. and Watkins, D.I.: Evolutionary instability of the major histocompatibility complex class I loci in New World primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:14536-14541, 1997.
Cell lines inquiries: Dr. Oliver Ryder (oryder@ucsd.edu).
Chalifoux, L.V. and Elliott, M.W.:Congenital anomalies in two neonatal tamarins (Saguinus oedipus and Saguinus fuscicollis). J. Med. Primatol. 15:329-337, 1986.
Chambers, P.L. and Hearn, J.P.: Embryonic, foetal and placental development in the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). J. Zool. London 207:545-561, 1985.
Coimbra-Filho, A.F. and Mittermeier, R.A.: New data on the taxonomy of Brazilian marmosets of the genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777. Folia primatol. 20:241-264, 1973.
Coimbra-Filho, A.F. and Mittermeier, R.A., eds.: Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates. Academia Brasileira de Ciências. Rio de Janeiro, 1981.
Cooper, R.W.: Small species of primates in biomedical research. Lab. Anim. Care 18:267-279, 1968.
Cronin, J.E. and Sarich, V.M.: Molecular systematics of the New World monkeys. J. Human Evol. 4:357-375, 1975.
Dunn, F.L.: Acanthocephalans and cestodes os South American monkeys and marmosets. J. Parasitol. 49:717-722, 1963.
Enders, A.C. and Lopata, A.: Implantation in the marmoset monkey: Expansion of the early implantation site. Anat. Rec. 256279-299, 1999.
Flurer, C.I. and Zucker, H.: Evaluation of serum parameters relevant to vitamin D status in tamarins. J. Med. Primatol. 16:175-184, 1987.
Egozcue, J., Perkins, E.M. and Hagemenas, F.: Chromosomal evolution in marmosets, tamarins, and pinchés. Folia Primatol. 9:81-94, 1968.
Gengozian, N.: Marmosets: their potential in experimental medicine. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 162:336-362, 1969.
Gengozian, N. and Merritt, C.B.: Effect of unilateral ovariectomy on twinning frequency in the marmoset. J. Reprod. Fert. 23:509-512, 1970.
Gengozian, N., Batson, J.S. and Nelson, B.M.: Bone-marrow grafting attempts in marmosets after whole-body irradiation. Int. J. Rad. Biol. 11:553-561, 1966.
Gengozian, N., Lushbaugh, C.C., Humason, G.L. and Kniseley, R.M.: "Erythroblastosis foetalis" in the primate, Tamarinus nigricollis. Nature 209:731-732, 1966.
Gray, A.P.: Mammalian Hybrids. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough SL2 3BN, 1971.
Hearn, J.P., Abbott, D.H., Chambers, P.C., Hodges, J.K. and Lunn, S.F.: Use of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research. Prim. Med. 10:40-49, 1978.
Hershkovitz, P.: Notes on tertiary platyrrhine monkeys and description of a new genus from the late miocene of Colombia. Folia Primatol. 12:1-37, 1970.
Hershkovitz, P.: Comments on the taxonomy of Brazilian marmosets (Callithrix, Callitrichidae). Folia Primatol. 24:137-172, 1975.
Hampton, J.K., Hampton, S.H. and Levy, B.M.: Reproductive physiology and pregnancy in marmosets. pp. 527-535 in Medical Primatology, Karger, Basel 1970.
Hearn, J.P., Abbott, D.H., Chambers, P.C., Hodges, J.K. and Lunn, S.F.: Use of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research. Prim. Med. 10:40-49, 1978. Karger, Basel.
Hobson, B.M., Hearn, J.P., Lunn, S.F. and Flockhart, J.H.: Urinary excretion of biologically active chorionic gonadotrophin by the pregnant marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Fol. Primatol. 28:251-258, 1977.
Gengozian, N.: Marmosets: their potential in experimental medicine. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 162:336-362, 1969.
Gengozian, N. and Merritt, C.B.: Effect of unilateral ovariectomy on twinning frequency in the marmoset. J. Reprod. Fert. 23:509-512, 1970.
Gengozian, N., Batson, J.S. and Nelson, B.M.: Bone-marrow grafting attempts in marmosets after whole-body irradiation. Int. J. Rad. Biol. 11:553-561, 1966.
Gengozian, N., Lushbaugh, C.C., Humason, G.L. and Kniseley, R.M.: "Erythroblastosis foetalis" in the primate, Tamarinus nigricollis. Nature 209:731-732, 1966.
Gray, A.P.: Mammalian Hybrids. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough SL2 3BN, 1971.
Hearn, J.P., Abbott, D.H., Chambers, P.C., Hodges, J.K. and Lunn, S.F.: Use of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research. Prim. Med. 10:40-49, 1978.
Hershkovitz, P.: Notes on tertiary platyrrhine monkeys and description of a new genus from the late miocene of Colombia. Folia Primatol. 12:1-37, 1970.
Hershkovitz, P.: Comments on the taxonomy of Brazilian marmosets (Callithrix, Callitrichidae). Folia Primatol. 24:137-172, 1975.
Hampton, J.K., Hampton, S.H. and Levy, B.M.: Reproductive physiology and pregnancy in marmosets. pp. 527-535 in Medical Primatology, Karger, Basel 1970.
Hearn, J.P., Abbott, D.H., Chambers, P.C., Hodges, J.K. and Lunn, S.F.: Use of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, in reproductive research. Prim. Med. 10:40-49, 1978. Karger, Basel.
Hobson, B.M., Hearn, J.P., Lunn, S.F. and Flockhart, J.H.: Urinary excretion of biologically active chorionic gonadotrophin by the pregnant marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). Fol. Primatol. 28:251-258, 1977.
Hobson, B.M. and Wide, L.: The similarity of chorionic gonadotrophin and its subunits in term placentae from man, apes, old and new world monkeys and a prosimian. Fol. Primatol. 35:51-64, 1981.
Hunt, R.D. and Garcia, F.G.: Hypervitaminosis D in New World monkeys. Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 22:358-366, 1969. 86:221-223, 1963.
Hunt, R.D., Garcia, F.G. and Hegsted, D.M.: A comparison of vitamin D2 and D3 in New World primates. I. Production and regression of osteodystrophia fibrosa. Lab. Anim. Care 17:222-234, 1967.
Jollie, W.P., Haar, J.L. and Craig, S.S.: Fine structural observations on hematopoiesis in the chorioallantoic placenta of the marmoset. Amer. J. Anat. 144:9-38, 1975.
Lasley, B.L., Monfort, S.L., Hodges, J.K. and Czekala, N.M.: Comparison of urinary estrogens during pregnancy in diverse species. In, Fetal Endocrinology, pp. 111-126, Academic Press, 1981.
Merker, H.-J., Bremer, D., Barrach, H.-J. and Gossrau, R.: The basement membrane of the persisting maternal blood vessels in the placenta of Callithrix jacchus. Anat. Embryol. 176:87-97, 1987.
Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L.: Walker's Mammals of the World, 4th ed. Vol. 1.Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 1983.
Pauly, A. and Strauss, G.: Kaiserschnit bei einem Goldkopflowenaffchen (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) mit Entwicklung einer mummifizierten Frucht. Milu 10:583-587, 2002.
Preslock, J.P., Hampton, S.H. and Hampton, J.K.: Cyclic variations of serum progestins and immunoreactive estrogens in marmosets. Endocrinology 92:1096-1101, 1973.
Ryan, K.J., Benirschke, K. and Smith, O.W.: conversion of andro-stenedione-4-C14 to estrone by the marmoset placenta. Endocrinology 69:613-618, 1961
Sarich, V.M. and Cronin, J.E.: South American mamma molecular systematics, evolutionary clocks, and continental drift. In, Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift. R. Ciochon & A.B. Chiarelli, eds. Plenum Press, N.Y. 1980. Chapter 20.
Seuanez, H.N., L. Forman, L. and Alves, G.: Comparative chromosome morphology in three Callithrichid genera: Cebuella, Callithrix, and Leontopithecus. J. Hered. 79:418-424, 1988.
Smith, C.A., Moore, H.D.M. and Hearn, J.P.: The ultrastructure of early implantation in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). 175:399-410, 1987.
Spatz, W.B.: Nabelschnur-Länge bei Insektivoren und Primaten. Z. Säugetierk. 33:226-239, 1968.
Turton, J.A., Ford, D.J., Bleby, J., Hall, B.M. and Whiting, R.: Composition of the milk of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes, with special reference to fatty acids. Fol. Primatol. 29:64-79, 1978.
Windle, C.P., Baker, H.F., Ridley, R.M., Oerke, A-K. and Martin, R.D.: Unrearable litters and prenatal reduction of litter size in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). J. Med. Primatol. 28:73-83, 1999.
Wislocki, G.B.: Hematopoiesis in the chorionic villi of the placenta of platyrrhine monkeys. Anat. Rec. 85:349-363, 1932.
Wislocki, G.B.: Observations on twinning in marmosets. Amer. J. Anat. 64:445-483, 1939.
Wislocki, G.B.: Placentation in the marmoset (Oedipomidas geoffroyi) with remarks on twinning in monkeys. Anat. Rec. 52:381-399, 1932.
Wynn, R.M., Richards, S.C. and Harris, J.A.: Electron microscopy of the placenta and related structures of the marmoset. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 122:60-69, 1975.
Wynn, R.M., Richards, S.C. and Harris, J.A.: Electron microscopy of the placenta and related structures of the marmoset. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 122:60-69, 1975. Moore, H.D.M., Gems, A. and Hearn, J.P.: Early implantation stages in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Amer. J. Anat. 172:265-278, 1985.
Various species of marmosets/tamarins
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