The San Diego Zoo exhibits now the first successfully cloned male banteng. The source of cells was a male that died in a battle between bulls; it had been born in 1974 and the fibroblasts had been kept in the “Frozen Zoo” of the Society. With the help of a Biotech Company, an enucleated ovum from a Simmental cow was used to place the fibroblast nucleus and a normal offspring resulted that is shown next. Its undescended testes underwent orchiopexy at about one year of age and the young bull (now 2 years old in 2005) is placed with females. It is hoped that its rare genotype will be ‘reinjected’ into the banteng herd.
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Neonatal cloned banteng bull. |
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Cloned banteng bull at 2 years of age. |
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14) Immunology
I am not aware of any immunological studies.
15) Pathological features
Griner (1983) examined many banteng autopsies from the colony at the San Diego Zoo. He found omphalitis once in a newborn and many cases having died from malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus infection. Additional details on MCF may be found in the publication by Hatkin (1980). Similar outbreaks of MCF occurred at the Munich Zoo (Hanichen et al., 1998). Infection with Sarcocystis spp. was described by Odening et al. (1995).
Wild (1964) measured the surface of chorion and, separately, that of the cotyledons in domestic cow placentas in order to ascertain a possible relation to neonatal outcome. Whether this applies to banteng (whose cotyledonary surface is one fourth that of cattle) is unknown but will be of interest when banteng placentas from clones into cows become available.
16) Physiologic data
I know of no physiologic studies in this species, other than the protein electrophoretic reports mentioned at the beginning.
17) Other resources
Strains of fibroblast cultures from several banteng at the San Diego Zoo may be obtained by contacting Dr. Oliver Ryder at oryder@ucsd.edu.
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
Early implantational stages, and implanted placentas as well will be of interest in the future. The larger, flat cotyledons of this species differ much from the cotyledons of cattle with which they should be compared in better detail in the future also.
Acknowledgement
The animal photographs in this chapter come from the Zoological Society of San Diego. I appreciate also very much the help of the pathologists at the San Diego Zoo.
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