In July, 2003, we had an abortion in a Baringo giraffe. The dam went spontaneously into labor and was known to be ill. The structurally normal male fetus weighed only 19 kg and the small placenta weighed 1,300 g. Most remarkably, it had only 23 cotyledons that were yellow-red and appeared infected. The cord was 34 cm long. Pictures are shown next.
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Fetal surface of aborted giraffe fetus' placenta.
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Maternal surface of the same placenta showing the yellow/red cotyledons.
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Three apparently degenerating, yellow-discolored cotyledons.
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Three additional discolored cotyledons.
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Touch preparations from the cotyledonary surface yielded very long bacilli, with some similarity to actinomyces. Sections of umbilical cord, membranes, fetal lung and testis were all normal and not inflamed or degenerated. The cotyledons, however, had a largely necrotic surface and the same long organisms were identified. Post partum the dam has a vaginal discharge but, while on antibiotics, seems reasonably healthy. Sections are shown next. I speculate that the dam must have had a preexisting endometritis that prevented normal cotyledons to form so that she ended with only 23 and very small cotyledons. That the fetus grew to become 19 kg in size is remarkable. The only similar histology I have encountered is that of a dromedary (see that chapter) in which a stillborn had a largely calcified villous surface that has great similarity to this placenta.
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Low power view of cotyledonary/villous surface in the Baringo giraffe abortus from San Diego Zoo's Wild Animal Park. The surface is largely necrotic but there is only minimal inflammation and part of the cotyledonary trophoblast (left) is still intact.
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The same cotyledon under higher magnification. There is only minimal inflammation.
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In between cotyledons debris of this kind is found with the red arrows pointing to some of the many long bacilli.
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Murai et al. (2007) have described a large (20x36x20 cm) teratoma of the umbilical cord of a reticulated giraffe two months before birth; the dam died during gestation.
16) Physiologic data
Many physiologic data, such as hematologic values, blood pressure, and respiration were compiled by Spinage (1968), and also by Warren (1974). Cerebral blood pressure is of normal proportion, and the mechanism of prevention of foot edema, often discussed in the literature, is probably due to a difference in the structure of blood vessels and connective tissue.
17) Other resources
Cell lines of many subspecies are stored in the Frozen Zoo of CRES at the San Diego Zoo. They can be made accessible by contacting Dr. O. Ryder (oryder@ucsd.edu).
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
No implanted placenta has been examined, thus not much is known about the fetal/maternal interface. Examination of the fetal/maternal interface would thus be of interest. Since there are so few binucleate trophoblastic cells, it would also be interesting to know if placental lactogen is produced. Estrogen determinations during pregnancy would be helpful. Finally, the status of the endocrine stimulus for the fetal corpora lutea or luteinized fetal atretica follicles needs clarification.
Acknowledgement
I appreciate very much the help of the pathologists at the San Diego Zoo in collecting specimens.
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