14) Immunology
I am not aware of any publications.
15) Pathological features
Few data on pathology of steenbok are available. Cryer (1985) described cerebrocortical necrosis. Trichostrongylus auriculatus was recovered from a steenbok in the Kalahari National Park by Boomker (1986).
16) Physiologic data
Hay & v. Hoven (1988) showed a markedly depressive effect when tannic acid was added to the diet of steenbok. The absorption and secretion of fluids, electrolytes and organic acids was studied in steenbok and gerenuk by Clemens & Moloiy (1984). They related the absorption to diets. Hofmeyr (1981) showed that haloperidol was an effective immobilizing agent when given intravenously. Gerneke & Cohen (1978 a,b) described infra-orbital apocrine glands and their secretion as well as newly-described intermandibular glands. These glands may produce secretions used in communication.
17) Other resources
CRES at San Diego Zoo has several fibroblast cell strains that can be obtained by contacting Dr. Oliver Ryder at oryder@ucsd.edu.
18) Other remarks - What additional Information is needed?
Young implantation stages and endocrinology studies are needed.
Acknowledgement
The photographs come through the kindness of Mr. R. Cisneros at San Diego Zoo.
References
Boomker, J.: Trichostrongylus auriculatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from the steenbok, Raphicerus campestris (Thunberg, 1811). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Med. 53:213-215, 1986.
Clemens, E.T. and Moloiy, G.M.: Colonic absorption and secretion of fluids, electrolytes and organic acids in East African wild ruminants. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 77:51-56, 1984.
Cryer, D.: Suspected cerebrocortical necrosis in the steenbok. Vet. Rec. 117:474, 1985.
Dasmann, R.F. and Mossman, A.S.: Reproduction in some ungulates in Southern Rhodesia. J. Mammal. 43:533-537, 1962.
Gerneke, W.H. and Cohen, M.: The micromorphology of the glands of the infra-orbital cutaneous sinus of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 45:59-66, 1978a.
Gerneke, W.H. and Cohen, M.: The micromorphology of the apocrine glands of the intermandibular region of the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 45:67-74, 1978b.
Gotch, A.F.: Mammals - Their Latin Names Explained. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, 1979.
Hay, L. and van Hoven, W.: Tannins and digestibility in the steenbok (Raphicerus campestris). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 91:509-511, 1988.
Hofmeyr, J.M.: The use of haloperidol as a long-acting neuroleptic in game capture operations. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 52:273-282, 1981.
Hradecky, P.: Placental morphology in African antelopes and giraffes. Theriogenology 20:725-734, 1983.
Hradecky, P., Mossman, H.W. and Stott, G.G.: Comparative development of ruminant placentomes. Theriogenology 29:715-729, 1988.
Jones, M.L.: Longevity of ungulates in captivity. Intern. Zoo Yearbk. 32:159-169, 1993.
Kellas, L.M.: The placenta and foetal membranes of the antelope Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann). Acta Anat. 64:390-445, 1966.
Mentis, M.T.: A review of some life history features of the large herbivores of Africa. The Lammergeyer 16 June, 1-89, 1972.
Nowak, R.M.: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th ed. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1999.
Vrba, E.S. and Schaller, G.B.: Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives. Fossil Record, Behavioral Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation. Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.
Wallace, C. and Fairall, N.: The chromosomes of the steenbok. S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. 32:55-57, 1967.
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