14) Immunology
I am not aware of any publications.
15) Pathological features
Griner (1983) saw 20 kudus at autopsy and found the cause that 16 births had occurred at the same time. Trauma killed 6 animals, malnutrition another four and one had myopathy, two had pulmonary abscesses; periodontal disease was another important aspect; a Sertoli cell tumor was found in an animal infected with Trichuris. Macivor & Horak (2003) searched for ixodid ticks in wild kudus and other antelopes in South Africa.
Tuberculosis in kudus has been reported a number of times; thus, Himes et al. (1976) reported on four cases occurring in a zoo. Keet et al. (2001) found five cases in the Kruger National Park, and Bengis (2001) found an infected animal in a commercial ranch close to the park. Also, rabies has been reported by several authors (Barnard & Hassel, 1981; Hübschle, 1988). Barnard et al. (1982) transmitted the lethal virus experimentally via nasal and buccal instillations. Foot-and-mouth disease was described from Botswana by Letshwenyo et al. (2006). Several authors have identified and commented upon bovine spongiform encephalopathy in kudus (Kirkwood et. al, 1990, 1992, 1994; Cunningham et al., 1993, 2004). Flach et al. (2002) studied a variety of artiodactyls from Whipsnade for gamma herpesvirus, causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever and found in some animals, including kudus. Toxoplasma antibodies were found in 2 of 10 kudus from Zimbabwe by Hove & Mukaratirwa (2005). Numerous parasites have been identified in kudus and their identity can be found in papers by: McCully et al. (1967); Boomker (1982); Boomker et al. (1989, 1991); Zieger et al. (1998); Fellis et al. (2003).
An intraosseous liposarcoma led to fractures in a kudu, as reported by Raubenheimer et al. (1990). Chittick et al. (2002) reported a remarkable abnormality in two neonate kudus – Ichthyosis congenita (also referred to as harlequin ichthyosis); they had the same sire and the lethal anomaly is believed to be recessively inherited.
16) Physiologic data
Pospisil et al. (1984) provided data on blood counts in kudu as well as several other antelopes. Hradecky (1982) studied the uteri of a variety of antelopes in zoos and found the kudu to possess a Uterus bicornis similar to that of cattle. In a later publication (1984), he studied the composition of two kudu ‘fetal fluids’ (amnionic and allantoic separately) of specimens 20 and 54 cm long. Interestingly, they differed considerably from one another. The two hemoglobin components of kudu (Hb A and Hb B) were studied by Rodewald et al. (1985) who sequenced the complete amino-acid chains. They found much homology with cattle hemoglobin. The nature of myosin heavy chain isoforms was studied in several African ruminants, including the kudu, by Kohn et al. (2007). The response to fever from pneumonia was the topic of a study by Hetem et al. (2008), while Owen-Smith (1997) studied the energy balance during foraging. Hagey et al. (1997) described the changes in bile acid composition with age a many bovids.
17) Other resources
Cell strains of this and several other animals as well as related tragelaphines are available from CRES by contacting Dr. Oliver Ryder at: oryder@ucsd.edu .
18) Other remarks – What additional Information is needed?
Early stages of implantation are not on record and more endocrine data are needed.
Acknowledgement
The animal photographs in this chapter come from the Zoological Society of San Diego. The new fetal specimen comes from Dr. Anneke Moresco at UC Davis. Some slides of a term placenta from a greater kudu were donated by Dr. Petr Hradecky.
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